O curandeiro charlatão e o messias de Campos: o caso do Professor Mozart, 1924-1939 / Charlatan healer and messiah from Campos: the case of Professor Mozart, 1924-1939

Resumo Em 1924, um personagem despontou na imprensa brasileira: o "Professor Mozart". Seu nome era Mozart Dias Teixeira e, durante as décadas de 1920 e 1930, ele praticou curas em diversas cidades do país, provocando controvérsias entre setores da sociedade. O artigo analisa o caso, dividindo-se em três eixos: introduz o personagem e o debate sobre os seus métodos de cura, mostra como as polêmicas inspiraram produções artísticas que transitaram no seio da população e, por fim, discute a questão do charlatanismo e o problema da liberdade profissional e de culto. O estudo pretende ser uma contribuição à historiografia do espiritismo, do ocultismo e das ciências psíquicas no Brasil.

Abstract In 1924, a new figure appeared on the pages of Brazilian newspapers: "Professor Mozart." In the 1920s and 1930s, Mozart Dias Teixeira practiced healing in several Brazilian cities, sparking controversy among certain segments of society. A threefold analysis of the case is presented: describing the man himself and the debate surrounding his healing methods; showing how the controversies inspired the production and circulation of art among the population; and discussing the issues of charlatanism and professional and religious freedom. The study intends to contribute to the historiography on spiritism, occultism, and psychic sciences in Brazil.

O arco teleológico da ética da desinformação: dos pomadistas de Machado de Assis aos negacionistas da pandemia / The teleological arc of disinformation ethics: from the pomadistas of Machado de Assis to the deniers of the pandemic / El arco teleológico de la ética de la desinformación: de los pomadistas de Machado de Assis a los negacionistas de la pandemia

O artigo analisa distintas finalidades de práticas desinformacionais, notadamente no campo da saúde pública. O método contempla análise bibliográfica comparada multidisciplinar nas dobras da filosofia e da ciência da informação, tendo como principais objetos de investigação um documento literário de Machado de Assis, de 1822, e um documento governamental da Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito da Pandemia, de 2021. O intuito é comparar a ética que orienta as ações ficcionais dos charlatões do conto machadiano (os "pomadistas") e as práticas de desinformação em saúde apontadas pela CPI em pauta. O resultado da análise revela a amplitude do fenômeno da desinformação e seus resultados, em um arco que pode se estender da proteção à vida até a condução à morte. Conclui-se que a desinformação precisa ser discutida com responsabilidade para evitar representações irrefletidas ou moralistas, e os estudos baseados na ética da informação podem contribuir para o aprofundamento filosófico e a avaliação crítica do fenômeno.

The article analyzes different purposes of disinformation practices, notably in the field of public health. The method includes a multidisciplinary comparative bibliographic analysis, in the interface of philosophy and information science, having as main objects of investigation a literary document by Machado de Assis, published in 1822, and a government document made available for the public by the Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry on the Pandemic, in 2021. The aim is to compare the ethics that guide the fictional actions of the charlatans of the Machadian tale (the "pomadistas") and the practices of disinformation in public health, as pointed out by the CPI. The result of the analysis reveals the scope of the phenomenon of disinformation and its results, in an arc that can go from the life protection until driving to death. It is concluded that disinformation needs to be discussed responsibly to avoid thoughtless or moralistic representations, and the studies based on information ethics can contribute to the philosophical deepening and critical evaluation of the phenomenon.

El artículo analiza diferentes propósitos de las prácticas de desinformación, especialmente en el campo de la salud pública. El método incluye un análisis bibliográfico comparativo multidisciplinario, en la interfaz de la filosofía y las ciencias de la información, teniendo como principales objetos de investigación un documento literario de Machado de Assis, de 1822, y un documento gubernamental de la Comisión Parlamentaria de Investigación sobre la Pandemia, de 2021. El objetivo es comparar la ética que guía la acción ficcional de los charlatanes del cuento de Machado de Assis (los "pomadistas") y las prácticas de desinformación en salud, señaladas por la CPI. El resultado del análisis revela la amplitud del fenómeno de la desinformación y sus resultados, en un arco que puede ir desde la protección a la vida hasta la conducción a la muerte. Se concluye que la desinformación necesita ser discutida con responsabilidad para evitar representaciones irreflexivas o moralistas, y los estudios basados en la ética de la información pueden contribuir para la profundización filosófica y la evaluación crítica del fenómeno.

Un viaje a la Argentina: el caso Asuero y la práctica ilegal de la medicina (Buenos Aires, 1930) / A voyage to Argentina: the Asuero case and the illegal practice of medicine (Buenos Aires, 1930)

Resumen Indagamos el derrotero de un personaje que, durante su estadía en Argentina, incidió en la vida porteña mediante los vínculos que trazó con la ciencia galénica, la esfera política y los medios de comunicación. Nos referimos a Fernando Asuero, especialista en nariz, garganta y oídos, oriundo de San Sebastián (España), figura cuyo itinerario por Buenos Aires en 1930 nos permite avizorar enfrentamientos propios del arte de curar, campo minado de competidores y cuantiosas tradiciones concomitantes y contrapuestas. A partir de una aproximación biográfica centrada en un estudio de caso mostraremos que, en ciertas oportunidades, los litigios imbricados al monopolio cognitivo terminaron por debatirse en el interior de un juzgado.

Abstract This article examines the activities of a well-known figure who, during his stay in Argentina, influenced life in Buenos Aires by cultivating his connections to medical science, the political sphere and the news media. The person in question was Fernando Asuero, an ear, nose and throat specialist from San Sebastián (Spain), whose activities in Buenos Aires in 1930 allow us to examine the conflicts within the healing arts, a field rife with competitors and numerous concurrent and opposing traditions. Using a biographical approach centered on a case study, this article shows that, at certain points, the disputes over cognitive monopoly ended up being debated within a courtroom.

Sebastian Kneipp and the Natural Cure Movement of Germany: Between Naturalism and Modern Medicine / 의사학

This study discusses the historical significance of the Natural Cure Movement of Germany, centering on the Kneipp Cure, a form of hydrotherapy practiced by Father Sebastian Kneipp (1821-1897). The Kneipp Cure rested on five main tenets: hydrotherapy, exercise, nutrition, herbalism, and the balance of mind and body. This study illuminates the reception of the Kneipp Cure in the context of the trilateral relationship among the Kneipp Cure, the Natural Cure Movement in general, and modern medicine. The Natural Cure Movement was ideologically based on naturalism, criticizing industrialization and urbanization. There existed various theories and methods in it, yet they shared holism and vitalism as common factors. The Natural Cure Movement of Germany began in the early 19th century. During the late 19th century and the early 20th century, it became merged in the Lebensreformbewegung (life reform movement) which campaigned for temperance, anti-tobacco, and anti-vaccination. The core of the Natural Cure Movement was to advocate the world view that nature should be respected and to recognize the natural healing powers of sunlight, air, water, etc. Among varied natural therapies, hydrotherapy spread out through the activities of some medical doctors and amateur healers such as Johann Siegmund Hahn and Vincenz Prieβnitz. Later, the supporters of hydrotherapy gathered together under the German Society of Naturopathy. Sebastian Kneipp, one of the forefathers of hydrotherapy, is distinguished from other proponents of natural therapies in two aspects. First, he did not refuse to employ vaccination and medication. Second, he sought to be recognized by the medical world through cooperating with medical doctors who supported his treatment. As a result, the Kneipp cure was able to be gradually accepted into the medical world despite the “quackery” controversy between modern medicine and the Natural Cure Movement. Nowadays, the name of Sebastian Kneipp remains deeply engraved on the memories of German people through various Kneipp spa products, as well as his books such as My Water Cure and Thus Shalt Thou Live! Wörishofen, where Kneipp had served as catholic priest as well as hydrotherapist for 42 years from 1855, changed its name to “Bad Wörishofen” (“Wörishofen Spa” in German). The Kneipp Cure and the Natural Cure Movement became a source of ecologica l thought which is currently gaining more and more sympathy from German people. It is regarded as a lieu de mémoire (site of memory) reflecting the collective identity of German people.

John of God: An enigma for the medical sciences / Juan de Dios: Un enigma para las ciencias médicas

Some cures carried out by Medium João Teixeira de Faría (John of God) are presented. He claims to channel spiritual entities (Drs. Augusto de Almeida, Oswaldo Cruz, and José Valdivino) that have instantaneous access to the physical, emotional and spiritual history of each patient who is then treated by physical or “spiritual” surgeries, herbs, meditation, prayers and the ingestion of “energized” water. People operated on have no pain during the interventions and infections have not been observed. The mechanisms responsible for the healings are unknown.

Se presentan algunas curaciones realizadas por el Médium João Teixeira de Faría (Juan de Dios). Al parecer, el Médium João canaliza entidades espirituales (Dres. Augusto de Almeida, Oswaldo Cruz y José Valdivino) que tienen acceso instantáneo a la historia física, emocional y espiritual de cada paciente, que luego es tratado mediante cirugías “espirituales” o físicas, hierbas, meditación, oración e ingestión de agua “energizada”. Los enfermos operados no sintieron dolor durante las intervenciones y las heridas no se infectaron. Aún se desconocen los mecanismos responsables de las curaciones.

Inoculation message treatments for curbing noncommunicable disease development / Tratamientos mediante mensajes de inoculación para contener la aparición de enfermedades no transmisibles

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of various types of inoculation message treatments on resistance to persuasive and potentially deceptive health- and nutrition-related (HNR) content claims of commercial food advertisers. METHODS: A three-phase experiment was conducted among 145 students from a Midwestern U.S. university. Quantitative statistical analyses were used to interpret the results. Results: Results provide clear evidence that integrating regulatory focus/fit considerations enhances the treatment effectiveness of inoculation messages. Inoculation messages that employed a preventative, outcome focus with concrete language were most effective at countering HNR advertising claims. The findings indicate that inoculation fosters resistance equally across the most common types of commercially advertised HNR product claims (e.g., absolute, general, and structure/function claims). CONCLUSIONS: As the drive to refine the inoculation process model continues, further testing and application of this strategy in a public health context is needed to counter ongoing efforts by commercial food advertisers to avoid government regulations against deceptive practices such as dubious health/nutrition claims. This research advances inoculation theory by providing evidence that 1) good regulatory fit strengthens the effect of refutational preemption and 2) an inoculation approach is highly effective at fostering resistance to commercial advertisers' HNR content claims. This macro approach appears far superior to education or information-based promotional health campaigns targeted solely at specific populations demonstrating rising rates of noncommunicable disease.

OBJETIVO: Estudiar el efecto de diversos tipos de tratamientos basados en mensajes de inoculación sobre la resistencia a los reclamos de los anunciantes de alimentos comerciales con contenidos persuasivos y potencialmente engañosos relacionados con la salud y la nutrición (RSN). MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un experimento en tres fases en el que participaron 145 estudiantes de una universidad del centro oeste de los Estados Unidos. Para interpretar los resultados, se utilizaron análisis estadísticos cuantitativos. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron datos probatorios claros de que la integración de las consideraciones de la teoría del enfoque/ajuste regulador mejoran la eficacia de los tratamientos basados en mensajes de inoculación. Los mensajes de inoculación que adoptaron un enfoque de prevención de resultados y utilizaron un lenguaje concreto fueron más eficaces en contrarrestar los reclamos publicitarios RSN. Se observó que la inoculación fomenta la resistencia por igual frente a los tipos más frecuentes de reclamos RSN de los productos anunciados comercialmente (reclamos absolutos, generales, y de estructura y función). CONCLUSIONES: Mientras se mantienen los intentos de perfeccionar el modelo del proceso de inoculación, es preciso seguir poniendo a prueba y aplicando esta estrategia en un contexto de salud pública con objeto de contrarrestar las iniciativas regulares de los anunciantes de alimentos comerciales para evitar las reglamentaciones gubernamentales contra prácticas engañosas tales como los reclamos equívocos en materia de salud y nutrición. Esta investigación promueve la teoría de la inoculación al proporcionar datos probatorios de que 1) un buen ajuste regulador fortalece el efecto de la prevención refutadora; y 2) un método de inoculación resulta ser muy eficaz en fomentar la resistencia a los reclamos con contenidos RSN de los anunciantes comerciales. Este enfoque macro se muestra muy superior a las campañas de promoción de la salud educativas o basadas en la información dirigidas exclusivamente a poblaciones específicas que presentan tasas ascendentes de enfermedades no transmisibles.

Presencia en la Literatura Universal de charlatanes, sacamuelas y barberos / Presence of quacks, tooth-pullers and barbers in the world literature

La Literatura Universal, fuente de información y conocimiento, medio para enriquecer el acervo cognoscitivo y cultural de los profesionales de la estomatología; recoge en sus páginas las raíces de esta profesión, manifestada en la labor que realizaron los charlatanes, sacamuelas y barberos, así como el papel que jugaron en su construcción y desarrollo. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar la presencia, en estas creaciones, de la actividad desarrollada por ellos. Se realizó la búsqueda bibliográfica en libros impresos y automatizados en Internet, Google Académico, para lo cual se usaron los descriptores charlatanes, sacamuelas, barberos, dientes, boca. Se consultaron quince obras y seleccionaron ocho en cuyas páginas se recogen referencias al tema que nos ocupó. La información se organizó sobre la base del orden cronológico de los autores. El estudio de las obras de la Literatura Universal consultadas nos permitió reconocer excelentes descripciones de la actividad de los charlatanes, sacamuelas y barberos, los cuales constituyen raíces históricas de la labor de los profesionales de la estomatología(AU)

The world literature is a source of information and knowledge and a means of enhancing the cognitive and cultural stock of the dental professionals. Its pages collect the roots of this profession expressed in the work of quacks, tooth-pullers and barbers and their role in the creation and development of this discipline. The objective of this paper was to identify the presence of the activities carried out by them in these creations. Literature search was made in printed and computerized books and in the academic google on Internet, for which we used subject headings as quacks, tooth-pullers, barbers, teeth, mouth. Fifteen works were consulted; eight of them were selected for this paper since they made reference to this topic. The gathered information was organized by the chronological order of the authors. The study of these documents from the world literature allowed us to be aware of the excellent descriptions of the activities performed by quacks, tooth-pullers and barbers as part of the historical roots of the work of dental professionals(AU)

Batalha contra o charlatanismo: institucionalização da medicina científica na província de Goiás / The battle against charlatanism: the institutionalization of scientific medicine in the province of Goiás

Enfoca os embates entre os tipos de medicina praticados em Goiás no século XIX, momento em que o discurso médico científico se impõe e define os espaços de atuação dos médicos diplomados em detrimento dos não diplomados, considerados charlatães pelos primeiros. Sobrelevam-se da análise os conflitos derivados da tentativa da medicina acadêmica de impor-se sobre as demais artes de curar, evidenciando sua dificuldade em instituir o privilégio exclusivo das atividades terapêuticas. Destaca ainda, por meio da trajetória profissional de três médicos que fizeram carreira no interior do Brasil, o lento processo de consolidação da medicina.

The article centers on conflicts between the types of medicine practiced in nineteenth-century Goiás, when the discourse of scientific medicine imposed its presence and defined the spaces where physicians holding medical degrees could practice while precluding those without degrees, viewed as charlatans by the former. The analysis underscores the clashes triggered as academic medicine endeavored to hold sway over other healing arts, along with the challenges it encountered in establishing an exclusive claim to the practice of medical treatment. The careers of three physicians from the interior of Brazil serve to illustrate the slow process by which medicine achieved institutionalization.

Panacéias disseminadas pela Internet e pacientes vulneráveis: como conter um mercado de ilusões? / Panaceas disseminated over the Internet and vulnerable patients: how to check a market of illusions?

O presente artigo discute a proliferação de curas e terapias fraudulentas que surgem e evanescem cotidianamente na Internet. A clientela dessas fraudes, vulnerabilizada pela doença e pela perspectiva da morte, utiliza a Internet para adquirir produtos que seriam possivelmente ignorados em outros contextos. Tal vulnerabilidade se liga a contingências físicas desgastantes que comprometem a capacidade de decisão. A tentativa de controlar o fenômeno das fraudes de forma estritamente racional, sem levar em conta a vulnerabilidade desse consumidor que pouco tem a perder e sem considerar suas demandas de integralidade, pode conduzir a resultados desapontadores, já que as panacéias parecem estar preenchendo os lapsos deixados por estruturas assistenciais que têm sido insensíveis à imaterialidade dos medos humanos.

This article discusses the proliferation of medical quackery and fraud appearing and disappearing daily on the Internet. The customers of these scams, made vulnerable by disease or the prospect of death, use the Internet to buy products that would probably be ignored in other contexts. This vulnerability is linked to strenuous physical demands that compromise the ability to make decisions. The attempt to control the phenomenon of fraud as strictly rational, without taking into account the vulnerability of consumers who have little to lose and not considering their demands for comprehensive care, can lead to disappointing results, since these nostrums seem to be filling the gaps left by health care structures that have been insensitive to the immaterial nature of human fears.

Salvar para a eternidade: princípios de ciência médica na época de Montaigne e Cervantes / Save for eternity: principles of medical science in the age of Montaigne and Cervantes

O artigo aborda as artes médicas em uma época em que as terapias se baseavam em conhecimentos empíricos, ditados pela falácia da autoridade de tradições inabaláveis. 'Loucuras' e 'excentricidades' perpetradas pelos artesãos da medicina do Antigo Regime recobram atualidade nos estranhos usos que o novo charlatanismo vem tentando fazer, como por exemplo com as técnicas das células-tronco.

This article approaches the medical arts at a time in which therapies are based on empirical knowledge, dictated by the fallacy of the authority of unshakeable traditions. "Madness" and "eccentricities" perpetuated by Old School medical craftsmen are prevalent today in the strange practices of the new charlatanism, such as trunk cell technologies.

Médicos e charlatanismo: uma história de profissionalizaçäo no Sul do Brasil / Physicians and charlatanism: a history of professionalization in southern Brazil

Caracteriza um panorama da organizaçäo da saúde nas décadas de 1930-40 e as medidas, nessa organizaçäo, que atendiam aos interesses dos médicos. Pretende analisar essa constituiçäo numa regiäo específica, o Rio Grande do Sul, após o término da liberdade profissional. No período posterior a 1928 é que as pressöes para acabar com o princípio responsável pelo charlatanismo conseguiram efetivar-se e é o eríodo em que a medicina se articulou como proposta hegemônica para o tratamento da saúde. A partir desse contexto, analisa a estratégia dos médicos na sua organizaçäo e distinçäo profissional, com seus conflitos e divergências.